Warren Smith

Founded in 1949 by Hamilton Bolton, BCA Research is an independent global investment research firm headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. The firm provides comprehensive coverage of all major financial asset classes on a global basis. They employ a consistent approach across all areas of their services by utilizing economic, liquidity, performance and valuation trends. BCA Research's methodology is based on an understanding of the macroeconomic environment and the identification of key investment themes. BCA Research provides global coverage of equities, currencies, commodities/energy, fixed-income, asset allocation and unique trading ideas.

MRB Partners, Inc., do-business-as Macro Research Board, is a privately-owned independent Canadian top-down research firm headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. The firm was founded in 2010 by Warren Smith, Phillip Colmar and Peter Perkins. They provide integrated, global, multi-asset investment strategy as well as actionable, absolute-return ideas to investment managers around the world. Their views incorporate a long-term outlook based on in-depth theme research, together with rigorous forecasting models and indicators that drive 6-12 month asset market performance.

Aberdeen Asia-Pacific Income Investment Co. Ltd. is a closed-end investment company. Its investment objective is to obtain current income and achieve incidental capital appreciation from investment in long-term debt securities. The company was founded on April 15, 1986 and is headquartered in Rarotonga, Cook Islands.

abrdn Asia-Pacific Income Fund VCC. The firm’s objective is to obtain current income and achieve incidental capital appreciation from investment in long-term debt securities. The company was founded on 15 April 1986 and headquartered in Singapore.